Increasing pasture intakes enhances polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipophilic antioxidants in plasma and milk of dairy cows fed total mix ration

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Table III.

Fatty acid and fat-soluble antioxidant profile in milk.

Fatty acid profile (mg·g⁻¹ of lipids)
	TMR¹ (CTRL)	SEM	TMR + pasture (30P)	SEM	TMR + pasture (70P)	SEM
OA²	202.00^b	16.06	237.94^b	16.06	323.26^a	14.67
VA³	7.32^b	0.70	8.96^a^b	0.70	11.56^a	0.65
LA⁴	24.30^c	1.0	29.68^b	1.18	35.23^a	1.08
Tot CLA⁵	3.60^b	0.31	4.20^b	0.30	5.60^a	0.28
ALA⁶	4.1^c	0.32	8.6^b	0.32	11.98^a	0.29
GLA⁷	0.16^c	0.06	0.53^a	0.06	0.38^b	0.05
AA⁸	0.08^b	0.03	0.22^a	0.03	0.18^a^b	0.03
EPA⁹	0.41^b	0.04	0.49^b	0.04	0.81^a	0.04
DHA¹⁰	ND		ND		ND
Fat-soluble antioxidants (μg·g⁻¹ of lipids)
β-Carotene	3.02^b	0.50	15.21^a	0.50	16.18^a	0.80
Retinol	2.50^b	0.40	2.71^a	0.60	3.50^a	0.20
α-Tocopherol	12.9^b	0.20	13.20^a^b	0.50	16.05^a	0.50

^a–c

Means on the same line, not sharing the same superscript are different (P < 0.05).

ND = not detected.

¹TMR = total mix ration; ²OA = oleic acid; ³VA = vaccenic acid; ⁴LA = linoleic acid; ⁵Tot CLA = conjugated linoleic acid; ⁶ALA = alpha-linolenic acid; ⁷GLA = gamma-linolenic acid; ⁸AA = arachidonic acid; ⁹EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid; ¹⁰DHA = docosahexaenoic acid.